What is type 1 Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a disease caused by a lack of insulin. Insulin helps cells in the body convert sugar into energy. When the pancreas cannot make enough insulin, sugar builds up in the blood, causing life-threatening complications. Individuals with type 1 diabetes must take some form of insulin for the rest of their lives. Nutrients in food are changed into a sugar called glucose. Type 1 diabetes affects about 1 in 400 children, adolescents, and young adults under 20. Once diagnosed, type 1 diabetes is a lifelong disease that cannot be cured.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that originates when the immune system destroys cells that make insulin (beta cells)insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system. Insulin is a hormone required for the cells to use blood sugar for energy, and it helps regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream. Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in the body. The common symptoms of this elevated blood sugar are frequent urination, increased thirst, hunger, weight loss, and other serious complications. Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, tiredness, and slow wound healing. Symptoms typically develop over a short period, often in a matter of weeks.
The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the sugar or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood. Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies.
There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Treatment with insulin is required for survival. Insulin therapy is usually given by injection under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump. A diabetic diet and exercise are important parts of management. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers, and eye damage. Furthermore, since insulin lowers blood sugar levels, complications may arise from low blood sugar if more insulin is taken than necessary.
Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases. The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year. The number of people involved in the United States is estimated at one to three million. Disease rates vary widely, with approximately one new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait. It typically begins in children and young adults.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes
The symptoms of Type 1 diabetes are all based on the fact that there is high blood sugar. The symptoms include:
- Extreme thirst
- Frequent urination
- Lethargy, fatigue, and drowsiness
- Blurred vision
- Sudden weight loss
- Increased appetite, hunger
Reason For type 1 diabetes
- The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses (When a virus invades the body, the immune system produces antibodies that fight the infection. T cells are in charge of making the antibodies, which also help fight the virus. However, if the virus has some of the same antigens as the beta cells—the cells that make insulin in the pancreas—then the T cells can turn against the beta cells. The T cell products (antibodies) can destroy the beta cells, and once all the beta cells in your body have been destroyed, you can’t produce enough insulin.) — mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process.
- Before anyone can get Type 1 diabetes, they need to have a genetic background, even though there may be no one in the family with diabetes.
Cause
The destruction of β-cells causes type 1 diabetesβ-cells – the only cells in the body that produce insulin – and the consequent progressive insulin deficiency. Without insulin, the body cannot respond effectively to increases in blood sugar. Due to this, people with diabetes have persistent hyperglycemia. In 70–90% of cases, β-cells are destroyed by someone’s immune system for unclear reasons. The best-studied components of this autoimmune response are β-cell-targeted antibodies that begin to develop in the months or years before symptoms arise. Typically someone will first develop antibodies against insulin or the protein GAD65, followed eventually by antibodies against the proteins IA-2, IA-2β, and ZNT8. People with more of these antibodies who develop them earlier in life are at higher risk of developing symptomatic type 1 diabetes. The trigger for the development of these antibodies remains unclear. Several explanatory theories have been put forward, and the cause may involve genetic susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger, and exposure to an antigen. The remaining 10–30% of people with type 1 diabetes have β-cell destruction but no sign of autoimmunity; this is called idiopathic type 1 diabetes and its unknown cause.
treatment Of type 1 diabetes
- Monitoring Blood Glucose Level Regularly
- The beta cells repairing herbs enhance the function of the pancreas rather than pressurizing the already damaged pancreas.
- People with type 1 diabetes who have a kidney transplant from a donor may also be offered a pancreas transplant simultaneously. Pancreas transplants are complicated operations and, like other types of major surgery, there’s a risk of complications
- avoid dangerous spikes and dips in their blood sugar.
- Exercise helps move sugar into your cells without using insulin, so it’s an important way to help manage your diabetes.
- your diet should favor non-starchy veggies like greens, carrots, and broccoli. You must limit carbohydrates like potatoes, pasta, beans, and sweets like cake. Get your protein from lean, low-fat sources like chicken, fish, beans, and legumes.
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