What is Prediabetes?
Prediabetes is a “pre-diagnosis” of diabetes—you can think of it as a warning sign. This condition arises when your blood glucose level (blood sugar level) is higher than normal but it’s not high enough to be considered diabetes.
India has almost 61.3 million types 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and 77.2 million prediabetes patients. Almost 6 million Canadians have prediabetes.
SYMPTOMS OF PREDIABETES
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
CAUSES OR RISK FACTOR OF PREDIABETES
- you’re at high risk for developing prediabetes, if you’re overweight (have a body mass index—a BMI—of higher than 25).
- If someone in your close family has (or had) diabetes, you are more likely to develop prediabetes.
- you’ve got a high risk for developing prediabetes If you developed diabetes while you were pregnant.
- The older you are, the more at risk you are for developing prediabetes. At age 45, your risk starts to rise, and after age 65, your risk increases exponentially.
- you’re at high risk for developing prediabetes if you’ve High blood pressure (hypertension) and high cholesterol (the “bad” LDL cholesterol).
You’ll control prediabetes and feel better if you take healthy whole food. You must half your plate with non-starchy vegetables (asparagus, Brussels sprouts, and carrots, among many others).
You’ll control prediabetes if you burn more calories by doing physical activity like swimming, running, workout, Weightlifting, pushups, and pullups. it will also control your overweight.
A regular 30-minute walk at least five days per week can control prediabetes in your body. Regular walking burns calories; this can help control weight, which in turn can reduce health risks.
Prediabetes is a component of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the threshold to diagnose diabetes mellitus. It usually does not cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. It is also associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prediabetes is more accurately considered an early stage of diabetes as health complications associated with type 2 diabetes often occur before the diagnosis of diabetes.
Prediabetes can be diagnosed by measuring hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, or glucose tolerance test. Many people may be diagnosed through routine screening tests. The primary treatment approach includes lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary adjustments. Some medications can be used to reduce the risks associated with prediabetes. There is a high rate of progression to type 2 diabetes but not everyone with prediabetes develops type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can be a reversible condition with lifestyle changes.
For many people, prediabetes and diabetes are diagnosed through routine screening at a check-up. However, an additional routine screening is done by dentists, a new and promising concept, and not only medical doctors can be very effective in early detection and treatment. The earlier prediabetes is diagnosed, the more likely an intervention will be successful.
Signs and symptoms
Prediabetes typically has no distinct signs or symptoms except the sole sign of high blood sugar. Patients should monitor for signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus such as increased thirst, increased urination, and feeling tired.
Causes
The cause of prediabetes is multifactorial and is known to have contributions from lifestyle and genetic factors. Ultimately prediabetes occurs when control of insulin and blood glucose in the body becomes abnormal, also known as insulin resistance. Risk factors for prediabetes include a family history of diabetes, older age, women who have a history of gestational diabetes, or high birth weight babies (greater than 9 lbs.).
The increasing rates of prediabetes and diabetes suggest lifestyle and/or environmental factors that contribute to prediabetes. It remains unclear which dietary components are causative and which risk is likely influenced by genetic background. Lack of physical activity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and physical activity can reduce the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes.
Pathophysiology
Normal glucose homeostasis is controlled by three interrelated processes. These processes include gluconeogenesis (glucose production that occurs in the liver), uptake and utilization of glucose by the peripheral tissues of the body, and insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta islet cells. The presence of glucose in the bloodstream triggers the production and release of insulin from the pancreas’ beta islet cells.
The main function of insulin is to increase the rate of transport of glucose from the bloodstream into certain cells of the body, such as striated muscles, fibroblasts, and fat cells. It also is necessary for the transport of amino acids, glycogen formation in the liver and skeletal muscles, triglyceride formation from glucose, nucleic acid synthesis, and protein synthesis. In individuals with prediabetes, a failure of pancreatic hormone release, failure of targeted tissues to respond to the insulin present, or both leads to blood glucose rising to abnormally high levels.
Diagnosis
Prediabetes can be diagnosed with three different types of blood tests:
- Fasting blood sugar (glucose) level of:
- 110 to 125 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) – WHO criteria
- 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) – ADA criteria
- Glucose tolerance test: blood sugar level of 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mM) 2 hours after ingesting a standardized 75-gram glucose solution, OGTT
- Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between 5.7 and 6.4 percent, ie 38.9 and 46.4 mmol/mol
Levels above these limits would justify a diagnosis of diabetes.
Impaired fasting glucose
Impaired fasting glycemia or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) refers to a condition in which the fasting blood glucose is elevated above what is considered normal levels but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes mellitus. It is considered a pre-diabetic state, associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG sometimes progresses to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Fasting blood glucose levels are in a continuum within a given population, with higher fasting glucose levels corresponding to a higher risk for complications caused by the high glucose levels. Some patients with impaired fasting glucose also may be diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance, but many have normal responses to a glucose tolerance test. Fasting glucose helps identify prediabetes when positive but has a risk of false negatives.
World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for impaired fasting glucose differs from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria because the normal range of glucose is defined differently by each. Fasting plasma glucose levels 100 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L) and higher have been shown to increase complication rates significantly, however, WHO opted to keep its upper limit of normal at under 110 mg/dL for fear of causing too many people to be diagnosed as having impaired fasting glucose, whereas the ADA lowered the upper limit of normal to a fasting plasma glucose under 100 mg/dL.
- WHO criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL)[9][10]
- ADA criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL)
Impaired glucose tolerance
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test. According to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association, impaired glucose tolerance is defined as:
- two-hour glucose levels of 140 to 199 mg per dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/l) on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. A patient is said to be under the condition of IGT when he/she has an immediately raised glucose level after 2 hours, but less than the level that would qualify for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fasting glucose may be either normal or mildly elevated.
From 10 to 15 percent of adults in the United States have impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose.
Hemoglobin A1c
Hemoglobin A1c is a measure of the percent of red blood cells that are glycated or have a glucose molecule attached. This can be used as an indicator of blood glucose level over a longer time and is often used to diagnose prediabetes as well as diabetes. HbA1c may not accurately represent blood glucose levels and should not be used in certain medical conditions such as iron-deficiency anemia, Vitamin B12, and folate deficiency, pregnancy, hemolytic anemia, an enlarged spleen, and end-stage kidney failure.
Fasting Insulin
An estimate of insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (%S) according to the Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Patterns were modeled as a function of fasting plasma insulin and varying fasting plasma glucose. Calculated using the HOMA Calculator. Adapted from
Hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance may occur in individuals with normal glucose levels and therefore is not diagnosed with usual tests. Hyperinsulinemia precedes prediabetes and diabetes that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance can be diagnosed by measures of plasma insulin, both fasting or during a glucose tolerance test. The use of fasting insulin to identify patients at risk has been proposed but is currently not commonly used in clinical practice.
The implications of hyperinsulinemia are the risk of comorbidities related to diabetes that may precede changes in blood glucose, including cardiovascular diseases.
Screening
Fasting plasma glucose screening should begin at age 30–45 and be repeated at least every three years. Earlier and more frequent screening should be conducted in at-risk individuals. The risk factors for which are listed below:
- Family history (parent or sibling)
- Dyslipidemia (triglycerides > 200 or HDL < 35)
- Overweight or obesity (body mass index > 25)
- History of gestational diabetes or infant born with birth weight greater than 9 lb (4 kg)
- High-risk ethnic groups (such as being of African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander heritage)
- Hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg)
- Before fasting blood glucose > 99
- Known vascular disease
- Markers of insulin resistance (PCOS, acanthosis nigricans)
Early Detection and Management
Over half the people who are diagnosed with prediabetes eventually develop type 2 diabetes and once diagnosed with prediabetes, people experience a range of emotions: distress and fear; denial and downplay of risks; guilt and self-criticism; and self-compassion. While prediabetes is a reversible condition, it requires diet change and exercise, which may be more difficult for people diagnosed with prediabetes because facing the risk of a chronic condition is associated with negative emotions, which further hinder the self-regulation that is required in reversing prediabetes diagnosis.
Still, without taking action, 37% of individuals with prediabetes will develop diabetes in only 4 years, and lifestyle intervention may decrease the percentage of prediabetic patients in whom diabetes develops to 20%. The National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) has a Center for Disease Control (CDC)-recognized lifestyle change program that showed prediabetic people following the structured program can cut their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% (71% for people over 60 years old).
Considering the possibility to recover from the prediabetic status but also this emotional struggle upon diagnosis, it is encouraged for higher-risk patients to get tested early. Having an additional screening option in the dental setting may offset some of the emotional struggles because it is more regularly visited and therefore has the potential to initiate earlier recognition and intervention.
Prevention
The American College of Endocrinology (ACE) and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) have developed lifestyle intervention guidelines for preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes:
- A healthy diet (a diet with limited refined carbohydrates, added sugars, trans fats, as well as limited intake of sodium and total calories)
- Physical fitness (30–45 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per day, 3–5 days a week)
- Weight loss by as little as 5–10 percent may have a significant impact on overall health
Management
There is evidence that prediabetes is a curable disease state. Although some drugs can delay the onset of diabetes, lifestyle modifications play a greater role in the prevention of diabetes. Intensive weight loss and lifestyle intervention, if sustained, may improve glucose tolerance substantially and prevent progression from IGT to type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study found a 16% reduction in diabetes risk for every kilogram of weight loss. Reducing weight by 7% through a low-fat diet and performing 150 minutes of exercise a week is the goal. The ADA guidelines recommend modest weight loss (5–10% body weight), moderate-intensity exercise (30 minutes daily), and smoking cessation.
Many dietary approaches can reduce the risk of progression to diabetes. Most involve the reduction of added sugars and fats but there remains a lack of conclusive evidence proving the best approach.
For patients with severe risk factors, prescription medication may be appropriate. This may be considered in patients for whom lifestyle therapy has failed, or is not sustainable, and who are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Metformin] and acarbose help prevent the development of frank diabetes and also have a good safety profile. Evidence also supports thiazolidinediones but there are safety concerns, and data on newer agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP4 inhibitors, or meglitinides are lacking.
Prognosis
The progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus is not inevitable for those with prediabetes. The progression into diabetes mellitus from prediabetes is approximately 25% over three to five years. This increases to a 50% risk of progressing to diabetes over 10 years. Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Effects of the disease may affect larger blood vessels (e.g., atherosclerosis within the larger arteries of the cardiovascular system) or smaller blood vessels, as seen with damage to the retina of the eye, damage to the kidney, and damage to the nerves.
Prediabetes is a risk factor for mortality and there is evidence of cardiovascular disease developing before a diagnosis of diabetes.
https://www.diabetesasia.org/magazine/preventing-diabetes-problems/
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