How does someone transmit or settle HIV?
HIV can be transmitted via positive physical fluids which can be containing excessive concentrations of the virus. These fluids consist of:
blood
semen
vaginal secretions
rectal secretions
breast milk
Amniotic and spinal wire fluids also can include HIV and will pose a danger to healthcare specialists who’re uncovered to them. Other physical fluids, which include tears, saliva, and sweat, do now no longer transmit the virus.
How is HIV transmitted from character to character?
HIV is transmitted while someone who has measurable quantities of the virus of their frame passes fluids without delay into the bloodstream or via mucous membranes, cuts, or open sores of someone without HIV.
Let’s discover the maximum, not unusual place methods that HIV is transmitted.
Sex
HIV publicity can arise throughout sexual intercourse. Both anal intercourse and vaginal intercourse have dangers of HIV transmission.
Receptive anal intercourse has the very best riskTrusted Source of transmission amongst sexual activity.
There can be some motives why, such as that bleeding is much more likely throughout anal intercourse because of the delicate tissues that line the anus and anal canal. This lets the virus go into the frame greater easily, even though seen bleeding isn’t observed, as breaks in anal mucosa can be microscopic.
While vaginal intercourse likely includes much less danger of transmission than anal intercourse, both associates can settlement HIV in this manner. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, maximum human beings with a vagina who settlement HIV get it from vaginal intercourse.
Sharing injection drug-device
Sharing needles for injecting capsules transmits HIV maximum efficientlyTrusted Source. This is due to the fact used needles and syringes can nevertheless include blood, that can deliver the virus.
HIV isn’t the handiest virus that may be transmitted with the aid of using sharing drug injection device. The viruses that purpose hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be transmittedTrusted Source in this manner as well.
Less not unusual place methods of transmitting or contracting HIV
There also are a few much less, not unusual place methods that HIV may be transmitted. Let’s check a number of them below.
Is girl-to-male HIV transmission unlikely?
Generally speaking, girl-to-male (or greater accurately, a person with a vagina transmitting the virus to a person with a penis) transmission is a much less likely trusted Source than male-to-girl transmission.
It’s envisioned that the danger of contracting HIV in line with the heterosexual act is two times as high trusted Source for women than males. However, girl-to-male transmission can nevertheless arise.
Some elements can boom the danger of someone with a penis contracting HIV from vaginal intercourse. For example, open cuts, sores, or ulcers across the penis can offer a manner for the virus to go into the frame.
What approximately girl-to-girl transmission?
Female-to-girl (or among human beings with vaginas) transmission of HIV has been reported trusted Source, however, it’s commonly believed to be much less likely. This kind of transmission can probably arise because of publicity to vaginal fluids or menstrual blood.
Oral intercourse
Oral intercourse is a much less not unusual place manner to transmit HIV.
Some elements that could boom the danger of HIV transmission via oral intercourse include trusted Source:
open sores withinside the mouth or at the genitals
bleeding gums
having different kinds of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Blood transfusions and organ donation
The danger of contracting HIV from a blood transfusion, different blood merchandise, or organ donation is now extraordinarily uncommon withinside the United States. All donated blood or blood merchandise withinside the United States is tested as a trusted Source for numerous kinds of bloodborne pathogens, such as HIV.
Organ donations also are screened for HIV. Although very uncommon, it’s possible a trusted Source for HIV transmission to arise following an organ transplant.
However, trying out organ recipients after surgical procedures can fast stumble on the transmission so that antiretroviral medicinal drugs may be commenced promptly.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
HIV also can be transmitted from a pregnant character to their toddler throughout being pregnant, delivering, and via breastfeeding. However, endorsed trying out of all pregnant human beings for HIV has significantly reducedTrusted Source the range of infants who settlement HIV in this manner.
Additionally, if each birthing discerns and toddler acquire HIV medicinal drugs throughout being pregnant and breastfeeding, the danger of transmission can nearly be eliminated, consistent with the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source.
Deep, open-mouth kissing
While very uncommon, it’s possible a trusted Source for HIV to be transmitted with the aid of using deep, open-mouth kissing.
While the virus can not be transmitted with the aid of using saliva, transmission can arise if blood is present. This can show up while each companion has bleeding gums, open cuts, or sores of their mouths.
Tattoos and piercings
According to the CDCTrusted Source, there aren’t any acknowledged times withinside the United States of HIV being transmitted with the aid of using receiving a tattoo or piercing. However, it’s technically viable for transmission to arise if the device or ink is reused or shared.
Occupational exposures
HIV can also additionally beTrusted Source transmitted via unintended job-associated injuries, which includes cuts and needle sticks.
Healthcare specialists are maximum at danger for this kind of transmission, however, the probability may be very low. The CDC checked out data trusted Source from 1985 to 2013 and determined fifty-eight showed and one hundred fifty viable instances of occupationally obtained HIV had been pronounced. During this period, the handiest one case turned into pronounced between 1999 and 2013.
Bites that destroy the pores and skin
A chew that opens the pores and skin and reasons bleeding can cause the transmission of HIV. However, consistent with the CDCTrusted Source, there were only a few instances of a human chew inflicting sufficient harm to the pores and skin to transmit HIV.
Ways HIV can not be transmitted
There’s no want to be afraid of getting informal touch with a person who’s residing with HIV. The virus does now no longer stay at the pores and skin and can not stay very long out of doors the frame.
Here are a few methods that HIV cannotTrusted Source is transmitted:
saliva
tears
sweat
conserving hands
hugging
shaking hands
sharing a toilet
sharing dishes
via air and water
sitting after a person with HIV
closed-mouth kissing
scratching floor pores and skin
a chew that doesn’t destroy the pores and skin
bugs that chew, like ticks and mosquitoes
different informal touch that doesn’t contain transmission of physical fluids
Does HIV load affect HIV transmission?
Having a detectable or measurable viral load may be a dangerous aspect of HIV transmission. Viral load is the number of viruses that may be detected withinside the blood. The fee of HIV transmission is going upTrusted Source with growing viral load.
Viral load is maximum each throughout the early (acute) segment of HIV and without remedy with antiretroviral medicinal drugs. Taking antiretroviral medicinal drugs each day can lessen someone’s viral load to very low degrees that can not be detected via trying out.
In this manner, antiretroviral medicinal drugs aren’t the handiest remedy, but a critical device for prevention. When HIV can not be detected withinside the blood, someone residing with HIV can not sexually transmit the virus to an associate without HIV.
This precept is referred to as Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U).
It can absorb to six monthsTrusted Source of taking antiretroviral medicinal drugs every day to acquire an undetectable viral load.
A character’s viral load is stated to be “durably undetectable” while all take a look at outcomes that are undetectable for at least 6 months after the primary undetectable result.
People maximum susceptible to HIV
There are numerous elements associated with populace, behavior, and fitness that could position someone at an expanded danger of HIV. These include trusted Source:
1. accomplishing anal or vaginal intercourse without a condom or different barrier technique
2. having intercourse with a couple of or nameless companions
3. sharing drug injection device
4. having different STIs
5. receiving injections or different clinical tactics with an unsterile device
Additionally, there are numerous businesses that the CDCTrusted Source has recognized as presently making up a bigger range of latest HIV instances withinside the United States primarily based totally on their populace numbers. This can suggest there’s a larger danger aspect inside those businesses.
These include trusted Source:
guys who’ve intercourse with guys (MSM)
African Americans
Latinos
those who use injection capsules
transgender human beings
However, it’s critical to recollect that HIV can affect anyone, irrespective of race, gender, or sexual orientation.
Is there a connection between HIV and different sexually transmitted infections?
Having an STI can boom the danger of HIV transmission. Some examples of STIs include trusted Sources:
gonorrhea
chlamydia
syphilis
herpes
human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
There are a pair of motives that STIs can improve HIV danger. First, the signs of many STIs consist of genital inflammation, sores, or ulcers. These can all boom the risk of transmitting the virus from one character to another.
Second, like HIV, the transmission of STIs is related to several identical kinds of behaviors, which includes accomplishing intercourse without a condom or different barrier technique.
Some studies have additionally indicated that positive STIs can be greater intently linkedTrusted Source with HIV transmission than others. These STIs consist of:
syphilis
gonorrhea
herpes
To save you transmission of each HIV and different STIs, continually use a barrier technique throughout vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse.
Keep open traces of verbal exchange with sexual companions, which includes sharing STI popularity and discussing the dangers related to intercourse without a barrier technique.
Takeaway
HIV is maximum usually transmitted via anal and vaginal intercourse and the sharing of drug injection devices.
Examples of much less not unusual place routes of transmission consist of oral intercourse and transmission throughout being pregnant.
HIV isn’t transmitted via such things as informal touch or closed-mouth kissing.
When having intercourse, continually use a condom or a different barrier technique. Partners without HIV also can investigate taking pre-publicity prophylaxis (PrEP). People who inject capsules can use secure injection web websites and needle change programs.
When HIV first emerged, residing with HIV carried a superb social stigma. Today, enhancing HIV schooling and banishing the myths approximately HIV transmission is the first-rate methods to stop the stigma that may be related to residing with HIV.
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